U. S. researchers have said that preschoolers had higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol when in licensed family child-care homes versus being cared for at home.

Published in the journal Child Development, the study finds cortisol increasing over the day and highest in settings with intrusive or over controlling care providers where the child was frequently moved around, had relatively little free play time and was expected to sit quietly and learn by rote.

Children with high cortisol levels tended to be, in the case of girls, anxious and vigilant or, in the case of boys, angry and aggressive, say researchers at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Georgetown University in Washington and the Oregon Social Learning Center in Eugene.

Study leader Megan Gunnar of the University of Minnesota says in a statement, "These findings indicate that the behavior of the care provider is associated with both how well children function at child care, and how much their cortisol is elevated."

It was reported that Gunnar and colleagues measured cortisol levels using saliva for about 150 -- mostly white, largely middle-class -- 3- and 4-year-olds in 110 different family child-care homes.
(With Inputs from Agencies)