Scientists find how the zebrafish gets his stripe

Washington, September 26 : Scientists have identified an important molecule that helps the zebrafish develop one of its four stripes of pigment cells.

The researchers said that that their study focused on a particular zebrafish mutant called choker, which is distinctive because one of the four stripes running down its side is missing, and it has a dark collar around its neck instead.

According to them, dark spots and stripes in fish, amphibians and reptiles are usually caused by a type of cell, known as a melanophore, which contains high quantities of the pigment melanin.

When the researchers put together movies showing how the melanophores migrate in developing embryos of both the wild-type zebrafish and the choker mutant, they found that the cells first migrate through the neck region in both wild-type and choker mutant fish to generate two stripes.

Thereafter, cell migration ceases in the neck region of the wild-type embryo, while melanophores in the choker mutant exit from the two stripes and busily cluster around the collar region of the developing fish, say the researchers.

“It is as though someone has put up ‘keep off the grass’ signs in the wild-type zebrafish to keep the melanophores in separate paths (stripes),” said Dr Robert Kelsh from the university, who led the study published in the journal Development.

“The melanophores stay on the footpath of the developing stripe in a very orderly fashion, but in choker it’s as though these signs have been knocked down, and the pigment cells run all over the grass between the footpaths,” he added.

The researchers said that they could understand this phenomenon due to the discovery of a molecule called Sdf, which appears to have some role in encouraging melanophore cell migration.

According to them, Sdf is a known cell migration guidance molecule, with roles including regulating the migration of neurones in the fish’s central nervous system and germ (reproductive) cells.

The researchers said that Sdf appeared to line up in the same pattern as a third stripe in the wild-type zebrafish and around the collar in choker mutants, when they examined as to where the molecule was found.

“The correlation of Sdf expression and melanophore pattern in wild-type and choker mutants embryos was so striking, it immediately suggested that Sdf plays a key role in dictating the pattern of at least this one stripe in zebrafish,” said Dr Kelsh.

With a view to testing the theory, the researchers positioned a bead soaked in human Sdf onto the skin of zebrafish embryo. Even in the choker mutant, this bead attracted the melanophores to where it was implanted, they said.

The researchers also used a technique known as protein knockdown to reduce the amount of Sdf produced in the embryo, and were able to partially remove the third stripe in wild types and to reduce colouring in the neck of the choker mutant.

“Sdf is really important, not just for pigmentation but also the development of neurons and germ cells. The other three stripes must have some other mechanism controlling their development. We are still looking into how these other three stripes might form,” said Dr Kelsh.

“Pigment pattern formation is a classic problem in developmental biology and whilst there have been lots of mathematical theories on how the fish make different patterns, the underlying genetics have been unclear. Similarities between animals mean that we can take what we learn about the development of these simple models, and begin applying them to more complex systems, such as humans,” he added. (With inputs from ANI)

General: